Ngentambama eshisayo ehlobo lika-2022, ngama ekhishini lami elilawulwa yisimo sezulu, ngibuka uhlelo lwami lwe-reverse osmosis luhlanza amanzi abe ubumsulwa obungu-99.9%. Ngazizwa nginesimanje kakhulu, cishe ngiziqhenya. Ngabe sengikhumbula indaba ugogo angitshela yona: ngikhulela emaphandleni aseShayina, umndeni wakhe wawugcwalisa izimbiza zobumba ngamanzi omfula, uphonsa inqwaba yamalahle namagobolondo e-oyster aqoshiwe, bese uwayeka alale ubusuku bonke. Ekuseni, kwase kuphuzwa.

Kwangithinta-ke ngaleso sikhathi: asizange sisungule isifiso samanzi ahlanzekile. Sisanda kuwenza abe yizimboni. Sekuyizinkulungwane zeminyaka abantu behlanza amanzi, besebenzisa izindlela ezaziyinkimbinkimbi ngendlela emangalisayo ngesikhathi sabo. Futhi ngandlela-thile, lawo masu asendulo asaphethe izifundo zesikhathi sethu sobuchwepheshe obukhulu.

Izihlungi Zamanzi Zokuqala: Amalahle Nesihlabathi

Izindlela zokuhlanza amanzi ezindala kakhulu ezaziwa zazilula, zinhle, futhi zisebenza kahle ngokumangalisayo. Zazingadingi ugesi, azizange zikhiphe imfucuza, futhi zasebenzisa izinto ezazigcwaliswa kalula.

Amalahle: Isihlungi Sekhabhoni Sokuqala

Amalahle, akhiqizwa ngokushisa izinkuni endaweni engenawo umoya-mpilo ophansi, asetshenziswe ukuhlanza amanzi okungenani iminyaka engu-4,000. AmaNdiya asendulo namaGibhithe aqaphela ukuthi ukugcina amanzi ezitsheni zokhuni ezishisiwe kwakugcina emisha isikhathi eside.

Abazange bayiqonde isayensi, kodwa bayibona imiphumela. Namuhla siyazi ukuthi ikhabhoni esebenzayo imunca izinto ezingcolisayo ngenqubo ebizwa ngokuthi i-physical adsorption, lapho ama-molecule enamathela endaweni enkulu, enezimbobo zekhabhoni. Igremu elilodwa lekhabhoni esebenzayo yanamuhla linendawo engaphezulu kwamamitha-skwele angaphezu kuka-3,000. Amalahle asendulo, yize ayengacwengisiswanga kahle, asebenza ngesimiso esifanayo.

Lokho ababengakwazi: Babengazi ngamagciwane, amagciwane, noma amakhemikhali ancibilikisiwe. Babekwazi nje ukuthi amanzi agcinwe ngamalahle anambitheka kangcono futhi awasheshi ukubola. Babesusa iphunga futhi bethuthukisa ukunambitheka, njengoba nje izihlungi zethu zekhabhoni zenza namuhla.

Isihlabathi kanye neGravel: Isihlungi Sokuqala Sediment

Imidwebo yaseGibhithe yango-1500 BCE ikhombisa amanzi ehlungwa ngesihlabathi kanye nogwadule. AmaRoma akha izitsha zokuhlalisa eziyinkimbinkimbi, esebenzisa izingqimba zesihlabathi kanye nogwadule ukususa udoti ngaphambi kokuba amanzi angene emiseleni yawo yamanzi. ENdiya, i-Sushruta Samhita, umbhalo wezokwelapha wekhulu lesi-6 BCE, yachaza amanzi abilayo futhi iwahlunga ngesihlabathi kanye namalahle.

Lokho ababengakwazi: Ukuhlunga isihlabathi kusebenza ngokubamba ngokomzimba kanye nesenzo sebhayoloji. I-biofilm eyakheka ezinhlamvini zesihlabathi empeleni igaya ezinye izinto eziphilayo ezingcolisayo. Isasetshenziswa ekuhlanzweni kwamanzi kamasipala nanamuhla.

Inguquko Ebilisayo

Ukubilisa amanzi sekusetshenziswe okungenani iminyaka engu-5,000, kodwa izwe lasendulo lalingayiqondi i-microbiology. Babebilisa amanzi ukuze bawenze “abe lula” noma basuse “amahlaya amabi,” hhayi ukubulala amagciwane.

Kwaze kwaba ngo-1854 lapho udokotela waseBrithani ogama lakhe linguJohn Snow athola khona amanzi angcolile njengomthombo wokuqubuka kwekholera eLondon. Ukuthola kwakhe kwaba yingqophamlando empilweni yomphakathi. Ukubilisa ngokuzumayo kwaba nenjongo ecacile nengokwesayensi: ukubulala amagciwane.

Kodwa ukubilisa kunemingcele. Akususi lutho: akukho amaminerali, akukho zinsimbi ezisindayo, akukho ukungcola kwamakhemikhali. Kuyiponi eliyiqhinga elilodwa. Okhokho bethu babevikelwe ezifweni ezibangelwa amagciwane, kodwa babesaphuza amanzi ayengagcwaliswa nge-arsenic, i-lead, noma amanzi agelezayo ezolimo. Babengazi nje.

Izazi Ze-Alchem ​​kanye Netshe Labafilosofi

Phakathi kokuwa kweRoma kanye neRenaissance, izazi ze-alchemy zaseYurophu zazama ukuhlanzwa kwamanzi njengengxenye yokufuna kwazo “itshe lesazi sefilosofi” kanye “nomsoco wokuphila.” Zahluza amanzi, zahluza umusi ojiyile, futhi zakha amadivayisi afana kakhulu nemishini yesimanje yokuhluza.

Ukucwilisa: Ukushisa amanzi ukuze ashise futhi aphinde ajiye abe uketshezi kususa cishe konke—amaminerali, amakhemikhali, amabhaktheriya. AmaGreki asendulo ayazi ngokucwilisa, kodwa kwakungamakhemikhali ase-Arabhu ayekucwengisisa. Ngekhulu lesi-8, uJabir ibn Hayyan wachaza izindlela zokucwilisa amakha nemithi, ephawula ukuthi amanzi acwilisiwe ayemsulwa kakhulu.

Kodwa ukuhluzwa kwakuhamba kancane, kudinga amandla amaningi, futhi kungenzeki emakhaya. Kwahlala kuyinto ethakazelisayo elabhorethri amakhulu eminyaka.

Ukutholwa Okukhulu: Ukuphila Okuncane Kancane

Ikhulu le-17 laletha imakroskopu, kanye nayo, isambulo esijulile. U-Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, usosayensi waseDashi, wabheka amanzi emvula ngamalensi akhe asekhaya wabona umhlaba ogcwele izidalwa ezincane. Wayengazi ukuthi zingamagciwane, kodwa wayazi ukuthi ziyaphila.

Lokhu okutholiwe kwashintsha ingxoxo: amanzi ayengeyona nje into; ayeyindawo yokuhlala. Umqondo wokuthi ukuphuza amanzi kungaba yimbangela yezifo wawusaphikisana—inkolelo-mbono yezifo ngegciwane ayizange yamukelwe kabanzi kwaze kwaba sekupheleni kwekhulu le-19—kodwa ukusola kwatshalwa.

Isikhathi Sanamuhla: Ukuhlunga Kuba Yimboni

Ikhulu le-19 laliyinkathi yokwelashwa kwamanzi ezimbonini. ILondon yakha izihlungi ezinkulu zesihlabathi. IParis yanezela ukujiya (amakhemikhali ezinhlayiyeni zamaqoqo). Isitshalo sokuqala sokuhlanza amanzi sikamasipala emhlabeni saqala ukusebenza ngo-1908 e-United States.

Ukutholwa ngengozi: Ukufakwa kwe-chlorine cishe kwaba ngengozi. Kwakwaziwa ukuthi i-chlorine yabulala amagciwane, kodwa akekho owayeke wayizama ngezinga elikhulu. Ngo-1908, inkampani yamanzi yaseNew Jersey, ifuna ukulawula ukuqubuka kwe-typhoid, yaqala ukufaka i-bleach emanzini. Kwasebenza. Ngo-1920, ukufakwa kwe-chlorine kwase kusakazeke kabanzi, futhi izifo ezibangelwa amanzi zancipha.

Kodwa ukucwiliswa kwe-chlorine kwaletha izindleko. Ikhemikhali efanayo eyabulala amabhaktheriya yadala nemikhiqizo yokubulala amagciwane (ama-DBP), okuhlanganisa nama-trihalomethane (ama-THM), okusolwa ukuthi abangela umdlavuza. Namuhla, ukwelashwa kwamanzi kamasipala kulinganisela isidingo sokubulala amagciwane nengozi yama-DBP. Kuyisivumelwano esiqhubekayo.

Indida Yentuthuko

Nakhu engikuthola kumangalisa: izindlela zokhokho bethu, naphezu kokuba lula kwazo, zabhekana nezinkinga eziningi ezifanayo esibhekene nazo namuhla.

Asikashintshi ngokuphelele isethi yezixazululo. Sisanda kwenza amathuluzi asebenze kahle kakhulu, abe lula kakhudlwana, futhi abe ngokuzenzakalelayo kakhudlwana.

Yiziphi Izindlela Zasendulo Ezahamba Kahle (Esizikhohlwa Ngezinye izikhathi)

1. Ukuhlakanipha kokubuka: Imiphakathi yasendulo yayingenazo izinsiza zesayensi, kodwa yayinaka kakhulu imiphumela. “Amanzi anambitheka kahle awasigulisi” kwakuyindlela yabo yokulawula ikhwalithi. Ngezinye izikhathi siyalahlekelwa yilokhu kuhlakanipha. Siyethemba ngokuphelele imitha yethu ye-TDS, ngisho noma izinzwa zethu zisitshela ukuthi kukhona okungahambi kahle.

2. Ubulula kanye nokulungiswa: Izimbiza zobumba zingashintshwa. Amalahle angaqoqwa. Isihlabathi singahlanzwa. Izinhlelo zokuhlanza amanzi zasendulo zazingezasendaweni, ziyalungiswa, futhi zazingadingi izingxenye ezizimele. Sishintshisane ngokulungiseka ukuze kube lula futhi sagcina sinezinhlelo ezilahlwayo lapho ingxenye engu-$10 yehluleka.

3. Akukho mfucuza: Imikhiqizo elandelanayo yokuhlanzwa kwasendulo kwakuyizibi ezilungisiwe (ezingasetshenziswa njengomanyolo) kanye namalahle asetshenzisiwe (angagqitshwa noma afakwe umquba). Izinhlelo zesimanje ze-RO zikhiqiza amakhatriji amanzi angcolile kanye nezihlungi zepulasitiki ezihlala ezindaweni zokulahla udoti amakhulu eminyaka.

4. Ukubaluleka kokubekezela: Izindlela zasendulo zazithatha isikhathi. Amanzi ahlala ubusuku bonke. Ukuhlunga isihlabathi kwakuyinqubo ehamba kancane. Ukubilisa kwakudinga uphethiloli. Sithuthukise isivinini, ngezinye izikhathi ngaphandle kokucophelela.

Lokho Esikufundile (Oko Babengenakukwazi)

1. Umhlaba ongabonakali: Amabhaktheriya, amagciwane, izinsimbi ezisindayo, ama-VOC, ama-PFAS, imithi. Lezi zinto ezingcolisayo azibonakali ngeso lenyama. Amanzi asendulo nawo ayenazo, kodwa umhlaba wasendulo wawungazi. Isayensi yethu isinika isithombe esiphelele.

2. I-chemistry yamanzi: Siyaqonda i-pH, ubulukhuni, i-alkalinity, kanye nokusebenzisana phakathi kwamaminerali nezinto ezingcolisayo. Singabhekana nezinkinga ezithile ngobuchwepheshe obuthile.

3. Izinga lokungcola: Ukungcola kwezimboni, ukugeleza kwamanzi kwezolimo, kanye ne-microplastics kwakungekho ezikhathini zasendulo. Amanzi ethu angcolisiwe ngezindlela okungekho muntu owayengazicabanga eminyakeni engu-200 edlule. Sidinga amathuluzi athuthukile esiwakhile.

4. Ukubaluleka kokuhlola: Izindlela zasendulo zaziwukuqagela. Singahlola amanzi ethu, sazi kahle ukuthi yini ekuwo, bese sikhetha ikhambi elifanele.

Ukuhlanganiswa: Ukuhlonipha Okudala, Ukwamukela Okusha

Angiphakamisi ukuthi ulahle uhlelo lwakho lwe-RO ngenxa yebhodwe lobumba. Ukuhlanzwa kwamanzi kwanamuhla kusindisa izimpilo. Kodwa ngicabanga ukuthi singafunda okuthile ekuhlakanipheni kwasendulo.

Naka izinzwa zakho. Uma amanzi enambitheka kabi, azama ukukutshela okuthile. Ungakunaki.

Yenza kube lula uma kungenzeka. Uma amanzi endawo yakho ephephile futhi edinga ukuthuthukiswa kokunambitheka, isihlungi sekhabhoni esilula sanele. Awudingi uhlelo olunezigaba eziyishumi nane.

Cabanga ngokuphila kwayo kanye nokulungiswa kwayo. Khetha izinhlelo ezinezingxenye ezijwayelekile nezingashintshaniswayo. Gwema amakhatriji azimele akubophela kumkhiqizi oyedwa.

Nciphisa imfucuza. Phinda usebenzise izihlungi zakho uma kungenzeka. Faka umquba wekhabhoni yakho esetshenzisiwe. Yonke into encane inciphisa umthwalo ezindaweni zokulahla udoti.

Yiba nesineke. Ukuhlunga kuthatha isikhathi. Ungacindezeli uhlelo lwakho ngaphezu kwamandla alo.

Isiko Lasekuseni

Njalo ekuseni manje, ngithela ingilazi yamanzi ohlelweni lwami lwe-RO. Kuyisiko elincane: ingilazi ecacile, amanzi abandayo, umzuzu wokubonga. Ngicabanga ngohambo oluthathwe amanzi—ngokusebenzisa amanzi asendulo, ngokusebenzisa izitshalo zokwelapha zikamasipala, ngohlelo lwami. Ngicabanga ngezigidi zabantu, ezinkulungwaneni zeminyaka, abaye bafuna into efanayo: amanzi aphephile ukuwaphuza.

Ubuchwepheshe bushintshile. Isifiso asishintshile.

Imbiza yobumba kagogo yangifundisa into uhlelo lwami lwe-RO olungakaze luyenze: amanzi ahlanzekile ayilungelo lomuntu, isidingo somuntu, kanye nempumelelo yomuntu. Besilokhu sisebenza kuwo iminyaka eyizinkulungwane. Futhi sisasebenza.