I-Osmosis iyinto lapho amanzi ahlanzekile egeleza esuka esixazululweni esincibilikisiwe nge-membrane engenela kancane iye esixazululweni esigxilile kakhulu. I-semi-permeable isho ukuthi i-membrane izovumela ama-molecule amancane nama-ion ukuthi adlule kuyo kodwa asebenze njengesithiyo kuma-molecule amakhulu noma izinto ezincibilikisiwe. I-Reverse Osmosis inqubo ye-Osmosis ngokuphambene. Isixazululo esingagxilile kakhulu sizoba nokuthambekela kwemvelo kokuthuthela esixazululweni esinokugxila okuphezulu.

Isebenza Kanjani Isistimu Ye-Reverse Osmosis?

I-reverse osmosis inqubo esusa ukungcola kwangaphandle, izinto eziqinile, ama-molecule amakhulu namaminerali emanzini ngokusebenzisa ingcindezi ukuze iwasunduze ngokusebenzisa ama-membrane akhethekile. Luhlelo lokuhlanza amanzi olusetshenziselwa ukuthuthukisa amanzi okuphuza, ukupheka kanye nezinye izinto ezibalulekile.

Uma kungekho ngcindezi yamanzi, amanzi ahlanzekile (amanzi anomthamo ophansi) ahlanzwa yi-osmosis azohamba aye emanzini anomthamo ophezulu. Amanzi asunduzwa nge-membrane engangeni. Lesi sihlungi se-membrane sinezimbobo eziningi, ezincane njenge-microns ezingu-0.0001, ezingahlunga cishe u-99% wezinto ezingcolisayo ezifana namagciwane (cishe i-micron eyodwa), intuthu kagwayi (0.07 micron_, amagciwane (0.02-0.04 micron), njll. Futhi ama-molecule amanzi ahlanzekile kuphela adlula kuso.

Ukuhlanzwa kwamanzi kwe-reverse osmosis kungahlunga wonke amaminerali awusizo adingwa yimizimba yethu, kodwa ubuchwepheshe obusebenzayo nobufakazelwe bokukhiqiza amanzi ahlanzekile futhi ahlanzekile, afanele ukuphuzwa. Uhlelo lwe-RO kufanele lunikeze iminyaka eminingi yamanzi ahlanzekile kakhulu, ukuze ukwazi ukuwaphuza ngaphandle kokukhathazeka.

Kungani isihlungi se-membrane sisebenza kahle ekuhlanzeni amanzi?

Ngokuvamile, izihlanzi zamanzi eziye zathuthukiswa kuze kube manje zihlukaniswa kakhulu zibe indlela yokuhlunga isihlungi esingenalo ulwelwesi kanye nendlela yokuhlanza amanzi e-reverse osmosis kusetshenziswa ulwelwesi.

Ukuhlunga isihlungi esingenama-membrane kwenziwa kakhulu ngesihlungi sekhabhoni, esihlunga kuphela ukunambitheka okubi, iphunga, i-chlorine, kanye nezinye izinto eziphilayo emanzini ompompi. Izinhlayiya eziningi, njengezinto ezingaphili, izinsimbi ezisindayo, amakhemikhali emvelo kanye ne-carcinogens, azikwazi ukususwa futhi zidlule. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, indlela yokuhlanza amanzi ye-Reverse osmosis esebenzisa i-membrane iyindlela ekhethwa kakhulu emhlabeni yokuhlanza amanzi esebenzisa i-membrane engenamanzi eyenziwe ngobuchwepheshe bobunjiniyela be-polymer obusezingeni eliphezulu. Kuyindlela yokuhlanza amanzi edlula futhi ihlukanise futhi isuse amaminerali ahlukahlukene angaphili, izinsimbi ezisindayo, amabhaktheriya, amagciwane, amabhaktheriya, kanye nezinto ezinemisebe eziqukethwe emanzini ompompi ukuze kwenziwe amanzi ahlanzekile.

Umphumela uba ukuthi i-solute igcinwa ohlangothini olucindezelwe lwe-membrane futhi i-solvent emsulwa ivunyelwe ukuthi idlulele kolunye uhlangothi. Ukuze ibe "ekhethayo", le membrane akufanele ivumele ama-molecule amakhulu noma ama-ion adlule ezimbotsheni (ezimbotsheni), kodwa kufanele ivumele izingxenye ezincane zesisombululo (njengama-molecule e-solvent, okungukuthi, amanzi, i-H2O) ukuthi adlule ngokukhululeka.

Lokhu kuyiqiniso ikakhulukazi lapha eCalifornia, lapho ubulukhuni bunzima khona emanzini ompompi. Pho kungani ungajabuleli amanzi ahlanzekile futhi aphephile anesistimu ye-reverse osmosis?

Isihlungi se-R/O Membrane

Ekuqaleni kwawo-1950, uDkt. Sidney Loeb wase-UCLA wenza i-reverse osmosis (RO) yaba usizo ngokuthuthukisa, kanye noSrinivasa Sourirajan, ama-anisotropic membranes angena kalula. Ama-osmosis membranes okwenziwa ayi-membranes aklanywe ngokukhethekile ane-semi-permeable membranes angama-microns angu-0.0001, ubukhulu bezinwele obuyisigidi. Lolu lwelwesi luyisihlungi esikhethekile esenziwe ubuchwepheshe bobunjiniyela be-polymer okungekho makhemikhali angcolisayo kanye namagciwane angadlula kuwo.

Uma kufakwa ingcindezi emanzini angcolile ukuze kudlule kulolu lwelwesi olukhethekile, amakhemikhali anesisindo sama-molecule amaningi, njenge-lime water encibilikiswe emanzini, kanye namakhemikhali anesisindo sama-molecule amaningi njenge-lime, encibilikiswe emanzini, adlula kulwelwesi olungena kalula olunamanzi amsulwa kuphela anesisindo sama-molecule amancane kanye nomoya-mpilo oncibilikiswe kanye neminonjana yamaminerali e-organic. Aklanyelwe ukukhishwa kulwelwesi ngokucindezela kwamanzi amasha angadluli kulwelwesi olungena kalula futhi aqhubeke nokungena.

Umphumela uba ukuthi i-solute igcinwa ohlangothini olucindezelwe lwe-membrane futhi i-solvent emsulwa ivunyelwe ukuthi idlulele kolunye uhlangothi. Ukuze ibe "ekhethayo", le membrane akufanele ivumele ama-molecule amakhulu noma ama-ion adlule ezimbotsheni (ezimbotsheni), kodwa kufanele ivumele izingxenye ezincane zesisombululo (njengama-molecule e-solvent, okungukuthi, amanzi, i-H2O) ukuthi adlule ngokukhululeka.

Ama-membrane, aqaliswa ngezinjongo zokwelapha, aklanyelwe impi yezempi noma ukuhlinzeka amasosha ngamanzi okuphuza ahlanzekile, angangcolisiwe, futhi ahlanze umchamo womgibeli wezindiza oqoqwe lapho kwenzeka izenzakalo ezingalindelekile ngesikhathi sokuhlola umkhathi. Asetshenziselwa izindiza zamanzi okuphuza, futhi muva nje, izinkampani ezinkulu zokuphuza utshwala zisebenzisa izihlanzi zamanzi zezimboni ezinkulu ukukhiqiza amabhodlela, futhi asetshenziswa kabanzi ezihlanzini zamanzi zasekhaya.